The liability of secondary parties in homicide in the UK Essay

The liability of secondary parties in homicide in the UK - Essay Example This research paper explores the liability of secondary parties in homicide in the UK as per common law and as per the existing criminal laws in UK.The operation of Western Legal Systems shows that the Criminal Law exhibits two separate paradigms of responsibility. One, where individual justice is paramount... Much devotion in this research paper will be given to the standard that is to be perused at common law for foresight of outcomes at common law where homicide has happened due to joint criminal enterprises and the involvement of a secondary party in such offences. This research paper will also give prominence to the fact how international humanitarian law deals with the joint criminal enterprises unleashed by a state and its officials against a race or community and how they will be considered under the international criminal law as delinquent. Further, whether corporate can also be punishable for their involvement in manslaughter like an individual person will also be discussed in detail in this paper? This research paper will discuss the liability of secondary parties in homicide in UK by analysing the current laws on the subject in UK, the common law and the potential reforms to be carried out on the â€Å"common purpose ‘rule under the criminal codes. Introduction Secondary liability under criminal law can be explained as making accountable someone legally for engaging in or to assist or facilitating or being in some other manner accountable for acts done by another party1. It is a difficult and complex area of law to fix the criminal liability for abetting and helping another individual to carry out an offence. When an offence is being carried out by two or more persons, if only some of them are really the real culprits or perpetrators of the offence, then issue becomes more complex. Under criminal law, the person will be held liable if he carries out the actus reus of the offence. Joint enterprise is an intricate notion that permits multiple p arties to a crime to be sentenced of the same crime. Thus, in case of joint enterprise, accountability will be inflicted not only to the main offender who causes the deadly blow but also any secondary culprits who have been associated in carrying out of offence. However, convicting a secondary party for a murder offence has been under severe examination and often, under review for many years. Awarding of mandatory life sentence to a secondary party in a homicide case may seem to be unbalanced to the role an individual has assumed in the carrying of a crime whereas it is argued that mandatory life sentence should be awarded to those culpable of causing a serious blow. However, the law is unambiguous in this regard and s.8 of Accessories and Abettors Act, 1861 clearly emphasises that both main and secondary parties are to be given equal treatment before the law2. The above section states that whomsoever shall assist, abet, gain or counsel the perpetration of a cognisable offence shall be accountable to be tried, sentenced and punished as the main culprit. The question, whether a secondary party should be given equal treatment to that of a main culprit is incredibly intricate, and it always create chaos3. This research essay will make an earnest attempt to examine in detail liability of secondary parties in homicide in the UK and will make how the present law needs to be revamped so that abettors of homicide also get equal sentence as that of a principal perpetrator of a crime. â€Å"Section 8 of Accessories and Abettors Act, 1861† The following three significant three points have to be borne in mind while analysing the section 8 of Accessories and Abettors Act, 1861. Section 8 mirrors the common law notion that helping, encouraging, or counselling or inducing another individual to carry out a crime is not itself a separate crime. However, due

4P Marketing Essay Example for Free

4P Marketing Essay hese are the basic elements of the MARKETING PLAN for any business. PRODUCTThe business has to produce a product that people want to buy. They have to decide which market segment they are aiming at age, income, geographical location etc. They then have to differentiate their product so that it is slightly different from what is on offer at present so that people can be persuaded to give them a try. PROMOTIONCustomers have to be made aware of the product. The two main considerations are target market and cost. A new business will not be able to afford to advertise on national television, for instance and would not wish to because its market will be local to start with. Leaflets, billboards, advertisements in local newspapers, Yellow Pages and word of mouth would be more appropriate. PRICEThe price must be high enough to cover costs and make a profit but low enough to attract customers. There are a number of possible pricing strategies. The most commonly used are PENETRATION PRICING charging a low price, possibly not quite covering costs, to gain a position in the market. This is quite popular with new businesses trying to get a toehold. CREAMING the opposite to penetration pricing, this involves charging a deliberately high price to persuade people that the product is of high quality. Luxury car makers often use this strategy COST PLUS PRICING this is the most common form of pricing. Costs are totalled and a margin is added on for profit to make the total price. PLACEThe business must have a location that it can afford, and that is convenient and suitable for customers and any supplier. The Marketing mix is a set of four decisions which need to be taken before launching any new product. These variables are also known as the 4 Ps of marketing. These four variables help the firm in making strategic decisions necessary for the smooth running of any product / organization.These variables are Product

Langston Hughes :: essays research papers

â€Å"HOW SHOULD I MAKE MONEY?† Businesses nowadays do what they have to do to get the job done, as far as making profit and succeeding in their goals. They complete these goals by any means necessary and in my opinion they should be held responsible for their actions. Sure what they do can sometime bring in profit, but looking ahead, they’re doing things against public interest and in the long run it will ruin their companies. They should allow us as a people to know what’s going on so we can better informed. In their eyes what we don’t know won’t hurt us, but in actuality it does In Friedmans â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits.† Friedman argues that the manager is an agent of the shareholders, responsible mainly for the profit they seek, and for following the rules of society, being both legal and ethical, meaning they there is no fraud or coercion and there is free competition. He considers the talk of â€Å"social responsibility of business† to be misguided, indicative of a trend toward socialism. He argues that to decide to sacrifice profit for some collective social good is to, in effort, collect taxes and decide how they are to be spent, which is reserved for the political process. Non-elected company managers should not be doing this. In business, Friedman believes, people do what they choose to do, while in politics the majority rules. But that political process should be kept to a minimum and kept out of business. Friedman believes this applies also to â€Å"the newer phenomenon of calling upon stockholders to require corporations to exercise social responsibility.† This is just one group trying to get some other people to do what that group considers important. He does allow, though, that a proprietor not a corporation is free to spend his money on good causes, even though it may affect customers, etc., because he has not monopoly. (If it is too costly he will cease to be competitive.) Finally, Friedman believes that some of the â€Å"social responsibility â€Å" that is talked about is just â€Å"window-dressing† and serves the interests of the company by enhancing profit. He finds this dishonest but on his own principles he cannot disagree with it, since it is done in the interests of profit. In Christopher D. Stone’s: â€Å"Why Shouldn’t Corporation Be Socially Responsible?† It’s Stone’s theory that it’s not that despite what many persons believe, corporations are by nature irresponsible.

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1. The narrator of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† undergoes a profound change from the beginning of the story to the end. How is her change revealed in relation to her response to the wallpaper? How does she fell about the change? How do your feeling differ from the narrator’s? The narrator is more passive as she first interacted with the yellow wallpaper in the big, airy room. Then the narrator becomes more active as she obsesses with the yellow wallpaper and the sub-pattern behind it and investigates them at night.She likes the change and falls in love with the big, airy room because of the yellow wallpaper. She finds out life is much more excited than used to be. Rather than becoming better than the narrator used to be, I feel her nervous depression develops to be more and more serious. 2. The narrator describes the room with the yellow wallpaper as a former nursery — that is, a room in a large house where children played, ate their meals, and may have been educa ted.What evidence is there that it may have a different function? How does that discrepancy help develop the character of the narrator and communicate the themes of the story? The narrator supposes when this was used as a playroom they had to take the nursery things out, for she never saw such ravages as the children have made here. 3. Much of the language used to describe the narrator’s experience has both a denotative (descriptive) function and a connotative (symbolic or figurative) function.How do the meaning of such words and phrases as â€Å"yellow,† â€Å"creeping,† â€Å"immovable bed,† and â€Å"outside pattern† change as they appear in different parts of the story? 4. Look at the description of the wallpaper in paragraphs 96- 104. How does the syntax of the sentences both mirror the pattern on the wallpaper and suggest the narrator’s agitation? Gilman uses comma instead of period before or after â€Å"I† in paragraph 96. The use of comma makes the pattern on the wallpaper sounds disordered and shows the narrator’s agitation.Gilman uses repetition which reflects both the pattern on the wallpaper and the narrator’s agitation in paragraph 97. â€Å"Any laws of radiation, or alternation, or repletion, or symmetry, or anything else that I ever heard of† suggests the irregular pattern of the wallpaper and also the narrator’s agitation. Gilman also uses a serious of complex sentences to indicate the perplexing of the pattern of the yellow wallpaper and the narrator’s mood. 5. The narrator’s husband, John, maintains his composure — and single-mindedness — for nearly the whole story.Characterize his change at the end. How does his fainting add another level of subversion to this early feminist story? Even though the narrator’s husband, John, maintains his composure and single-mindedness for nearly the whole story, when he finds out most of the wallpa per has been pulled off and the narrator keeps creeping on the ground, he fainted. His fainting adds another level of subversion to this early feminist story, because it indicates male will finally regret for their control on women.

Student Success Plan. Ccollege prep essay Essay

This personalized Student Success Plan will help you reflect on past positive accomplishments you have made as a student and obstacles you have faced and overcome in previous terms. Once you identify your current status, you will analyze what you want to accomplish and how you will get there. You will also see that you are not alone on your educational journey. Your instructor is committed to helping you succeed in addition to the many resources provided by Everest. By completing the information below, you are taking accountability and responsibility for your own success! The Student Success Plan is an effective tool that you should complete for each of your courses at the start of every term. Click in each box and type your responses. Student Information: Student’s Name Course and Section Number Program of Study Reflection on your past experiences as a student: Positive accomplishments in previous term(s) Obstacles faced in previous term(s) Ways you overcame the obstacles Analyze your strengths and motivations: Diagnostic questions: Responses to the questions: Your commitment and how you will apply it: What strengths or personal characteristics do you possess that will help you succeed as a college student? What is your biggest motivation for completing your college education? What is your ultimate goal as a college student? What is one goal you want to accomplish in this course? Analyze your current obstacles and how you plan to overcome them: Possible obstacles: Your answer and current status: Your commitment to overcome obstacles: Will college require you to alter your responsibilities and juggle other responsibilities in your life? What challenges do you face as a college student? What other obstacles do you think you may face this term? Analyze your needs as a student: Your needs: Your response: How do you want to see your instructor accomplish this? What type of assistance do you need from your instructor? What is the best method and day/time for your instructor to call you? Analyze, schedule, and plan your time: Your time: How many hours you will spend on each activity this term? How will you adjust your schedule this term to fit this in? How many hours per week are you going to spend doing things other than school? How many total hours per week are you going to be able to devote to your courses? Using the examples below, fill in the chart to plan out your weekly schedule throughout the entire term. Include all activities that require your time. This is a tool that you should complete and use on a weekly basis to effectively manage your time. Activity Time Needed to Complete Scheduled Day & Time to Complete Example: Work day 8 hours Monday – 9:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m. Example: Review Learning Activities for SLS 1105 2 hours Monday – 8:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m.

Perspective of housekeeping management

Perspective of housekeeping management With the growing competition in the sphere of cleaning business, the housekeeping companies need to pay attention to effective human resource management within the organizations for the purpose of creating the comfortable conditions for the workers and providing the customers with the high quality cleaning services.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Perspective of housekeeping management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cleaning materials and equipment Taking advantages of the advances of contemporary cleaning technologies and materials is important for creating better working conditions for the cleaning staff and increasing the customers’ satisfaction with the quality of the provided services. Buying all the necessary and modern equipment is one of the key success factors of a cleaning company. The professional housekeepers usually have the vacuum cleaners and floor polishing machines at their disposal which a llow them to economize the time required for cleaning the apartments and do it more thoroughly. As to the materials used by employees of housekeeping companies, the contemporary market of cleaning chemicals and detergents offers a wide range of materials with various types of packaging, measurement and used for various purposes during the cleaning process. All of them have their advantages and disadvantages and the choice of the type and brand of the materials as well as the control of their appropriate and effective use by the staff becomes a challenge for managers and supervisors. Jones (2008) noted that â€Å"the use of premeasured products provides a high level of cost control, better inventory procedures, and better quality in cleaning† (p. 116). Along with the cost analysis and research of the chemical market options, supervisors should generate the awareness of the staff on the appropriate safety measures for working with cleaning detergents, measurement and dilution p rocedures of the concentrates and the issues of the chemical storage for the purpose of minimizing the risks of cost losses and industrial injuries. Reeves and Reeves (2005) noted that it is important to read and understand the Safety Data Sheets information before utilizing any detergents (p. 82). It is important to control the expiration dates of the materials and meet all the requirements of their safe storage and utilization. The impact of the chosen materials on the environment is one of the important issues which should be taken into consideration by decision makers. The new approach to the housekeeping services is to clean for health rather than clean for the appearance, and this relates to the choice of the housekeeping methods, materials and the control of the storage of chemicals. Cleaning staff duties The human resources are one of the central issues of the effective management of cleaning companies. Training and motivation of the housekeeping staff is important for achie ving better results and improving the company’s chances for success.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main emphasis of orientation programs for the cleaning staff should be put on the safety measures and interpersonal communication with the customers. Andrews (2007) noted that â€Å"Housekeeping staff irrespective of their personal circumstances have to always present a cheerful exterior and emotion† (p. 18). Considering the peculiarities of the field, housekeeping employees have to work closely with clients and the level of their communicative skills has a significant impact on the effectiveness of work and the ability to come up to the customers’ expectations, to follow the instructions and to meet the requirements. Despite the widely spread misconception that cleaning is a type of physical labor and does not require special preparation a nd profound skills, the contemporary housekeeping companies pay attention to the personal traits and learning capability of their potential employees. Morrow (2008) noted that the main requirements for becoming a professional housekeeper are â€Å"to have superior organizational skills, respect for client property, the energy and ability to handle larger projects, and are comfortable working closely with clients over an extended time† (p. 57). Along with taking advantages from the innate qualities of the worker, the employers should create the comfortable working conditions and impose appropriate measures for not only ensuring the safety of the working environment and preventing the risks of their injuries and emotional discomfort, but also motivate them by developing the programs of incentives and rewards. The main issues which need to be taken into consideration for protecting the emotional security of the cleaning employees include the opportunities for self actualization and satisfaction with the working conditions. The main difficulty in developing the rewards programs for the cleaning staff is overcoming the subjectivity while assessing the results of their work. Still, the quality control is a significant component of the human resource management of the cleaning company and it is important to choose the assessment criteria for controlling the quality of the housekeeping services.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Perspective of housekeeping management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the same time, detecting the deficiencies should not become the precondition for penalties and punishment. It is important to get to the roots of the issues and regard the weak points as the opportunities for training and development. Detecting the gaps, the managers should look for the ways to fill them if it is possible. Besides the problems which can be handled through training and motivation p rograms, there are particular difficulties which are predetermined with the peculiarities of the field itself. The limited opportunities for career promotion of the cleaning employees are one of the main managerial problems. O’Fallen and Rutherford (2007) noted that â€Å"because of the large staffs involved, housekeeping operations provide junior managers outstanding opportunities to develop leadership and supervisory skills, an opportunity not always available in other departments† (p. 186). As opposed to the managers, the career options for the cleaning employees are not numerous. An employee who does his/her work well, knows all the angles of the sphere and aims at further professional growth has minimal chances for becoming a manager. In this case it is advisable to explore the opportunities of transferring to other spheres of business, retraining or receiving an academic degree. Security measures The information on security and risk control measures is one of the key components of the orientation program for the cleaning employees. A number of hazards that are characteristic for the working environment of professional housekeepers include the work with detergents, contact with bodily fluids and security issues. All cleaning workers need to have a profound knowledge of the preventative measures for controlling the risks of getting physical or psychological traumas at work. They should be aware of the risk they undergo while working with the detergents, and especially their concentrates and contacting with bodily fluids in case they work at a hospital setting. They should be informed on their responsibility and possible liability for violating the customers’ security. Campbell (2005) noted that â€Å"the most common ‘breach of security’ in homes with housecleaners is not theft – it’s breakage† (p. 287). Appropriate security measures need to be imposed for preventing the risks of occurrence of the confl ict situations.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Considering the peculiarities of the working conditions of the cleaning employees, the human resource departments should incorporate the trainings on safety and security measures into the orientation programs for their employees as well as to develop the reward programs with the aim of improving their motivation. Reference List Andrews, S. (2007) Textbook of hotel housekeeping management and operations. New DEhli, Tata McGraw-Hill. Campbell, J. (2005) Speed cleaning: Tips, tricks and strategies to get everything done in half the time. Los Angeles, Rodale Inc. Jones, T. (2008) Professional management of housekeeping operations. New Jersey, John Wiley. Morrow, B. (2008) Cleaning service. Ocala, Atlantic Publishing Group. O’Fallon, M. and Rutherford, D. (2007) Hotel management and operations. New Jersey, John Wiley. Reeves, D. and Reeves. P. (2005) Commercial cleaning: The power of clean. Morrisville, Lulu Press.

Lewis and Clark essays

Lewis and Clark essays You are children of a great new father, Meriwether Lewis declared to the Native Americans the Corps of Discovery encountered on the expedition that shaped history. Most people tend to think that there isnt enough credit given to Lewis and Clark, but I believe the opposite. Seldom are the Native Americans mentioned that made the Westward expansion of the young United States possible. Although the extensive preparation immensely helped, without the kindness and open minds of most Native Americans, in particular Sacagawea, the Shoshones, Salish, and Nez Perces, the expedition wouldnt have been such a success. Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, was crossing his fingers upon finding a continuous water route that ran straight through to the Pacific Ocean after he purchased the Louisiana Territory from France. Jefferson felt that the Native Americans were potential trading partners. He asked Congress to fund the expedition; they approved spending $25,000. In 1803, He selected 28-year-old Meriwether Lewis, his private secretary, and Lewis chose his 32-year-old friend William Clark to join him, both formerly in the army, to explore the West in 1804. Their duties were to basically explore the lands, keep detailed journal entries, map regions, and record scientific information about the plants and animals that were home to the west. The perfect men were selected for the adventure; both had numerous talents in several fields. Clark was a skilled frontiersman, first-rate mapmaker, and had substantial knowledge of medicine, despite the fact of limited formal educati on. Lewis in preparation took courses in medicine, botany, Zoology, and celestial observation. Through research, they familiarized themselves with various tribes. Although outstanding skills would aid them, solely they wouldnt guarantee survival. Peace with the inhabitants of the unexplored territory would. Jeffers...