Indigenous health as an important issue in Australia

Indigenous health as an important issue in Australia Perspectives on Nursing Health, Culture And Society. This essay will discuss Indigenous health as an important issue to the Australian community and the problems that Indigenous Australian may experience within the current health care system. This will firstly analysis in depth the historical, cultural, social and political factors that have affected the healthcare for the Indigenous Australians. Secondly, some strategies that may improve the health care system. Indigenous Australians culture is complex and diverse. The indigenous culture of Australia is the oldest living cultural history in the world dating back at least 50,000years. The reason why its survived this long is their ability to adapt and change over time. Aboriginals keep their cultural heritage rich and alive by passing their knowledge, arts, rituals and performances the passing from one generation to the next. The fundamental wellbeing of the Aboriginal people is their land, its environment that sustained by the people and culture, full of spiritual wellbeing. Aboriginal people were hunter-gathers who foraged for uncultivated plant and wild animals. The traditional diet was high in carbohydrates, proteins and nutrients and low in fat and sugars. However, modern Aboriginal diet are heavily westernised and tend to be high in fat and sugar but low in carbohydrate, fibre and nutritional value. The World Health Organisation, social determination of health (SODH)are defined as the fundamental structures of social hierarchy and the socially determined conditions these structures create in which people grow, live, work and age. The structural organisation for the Aboriginal people is to settle them with housing, employment, educations and health services so they can live in a well presented environment. Health interventions have a clinical focus on individual behaviours such as diet, condom use, exercise, alcohol, etc despite the fact that when structural issues such as poverty is not addressed. Poverty, as represents most Indigenous people as lower socio economic status shows unhealthy behaviour, smoking, poor diet and physical activity which put a risk for numerous health problems. Indigenous people have been victims of societal and racism since colonial times. The dominant culture promotes exclusion, inclusion, inferior conditions or assimilation (loss of individual, unique culture). Though education is available it is often unmet to the needs of the indigenous children resulting to have low enrolment rate, poor school performance and high dropout rate which increase the vulnerability to child labours. It is important to have tradition Indigenous education to be acknowledged and valued. Literacy for the Indigenous must be proficient in their own languages but also to the nation language. Also education should include the land establishment forms of livelihoods that usual involve the land to understand the tradition competencies. The underinvestment in health care in areas in which Indigenous people live is due to rural/remote nature. There are a number of cultural barriers that prevent access to health care. Indigenous languages are often difficult leading to poor communication between nurse and patient. The may experience discrimination by the staff. The traditional land is vital source of material and spiritual well being serving a crucial resource for their reproduction. The loss of land due to polices of dominant culture creates a social problem. The restored relationship to the land is central to restore sense of identity, social status and political power as well as economic, food security, rehabilitation of land. It is important for health care workers to have a degree of cultural competence and work with traditional healing modalities to make cultural safety. In 1788 European settlers colonised Australia. Upon settlement, the aboriginal people lost their land, their social and economical structure and in general, their way of life. Since colonisation Indigenous Australians have experienced extreme levels of loss, grief, disempowerment, cultural alienation, and loss of identity (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2002, 2003; Hunter, 1993) The trauma suffered by the stolen generations as a result of the assimilation policies of the Australian Government has direct relevance to the psychological adjustment of indigenous Australians when considered within the framework of attachment theory. Attachment theory is the quality of early parent-child bonding, as well as the infants actual experience of the relationship with their parents has important implications for psychological and emotional adjustment later in life. (Strahan, 1995). There is enough evidence to suggest that Aboriginal people do not have the same degree of access to many of the health services as other Australians. This implies negative implications for the outcomes of Indigenous health. The access of primary health care is compromised or obstructed as they are more likely to present care later stage meaning more unhealthy state. I was shocked by the poverty, disadvantage and a medical model of care working downstream patching local people up and sending them home again without any longer term, preventative care. The issues are not only health services offering primary health care but also acute care providing in hospitals and specialists services. Issues such as distance, transport, affordability, availability, language, and cultural stability are all potential hindrances to access health services. Transport, long waiting time, cost to be some of the most commonly cited barriers. Indigenous people also feel disempowered and are less likely to use health services. It is also very important to note that communication difficulties come from those living in remote areas. However the presence of an Aboriginal health worker can be a strong determinant in whether an Indigenous person will access health services. It is important that primary health care services are run by Aboriginal communities to aim to offer health care in a culturally appropriate setting. This causes to a major source of providing education and training for staff. Indigenous health workers and nurses are to provide primary care services based to interlinked with a holistic Indigenous specific definition of health that states: Aboriginal Health is not just the physical well being of an individual but is the social, emotional and cultural well being of the whole community in which each individuals is able to achieve their full potential thereby about the total well being of their community. It is a whole -of- life view and includes the cyclical concept of life- d eath-life (NAHS, 1989) It is also important to build a shared understanding of how community input will inform policy or decision making processes. Numerous attempt to define Indigenous mental health concepts, the common theme has consistently been the holistic nature of health and wellbeing. The word punyu (Ngaringman) encompasses both person and country. In fact caring for the country has been associated with improvements in wellbeing. Suggesting that for Indigenous people our identity as human beings remains tied to our land , to our cultural practices, our systems of authority and social control, our intellectual traditions, our concepts of spirituality, and to our systems of resource ownership and exchange. Destroy this relationship and you damage- sometimes irrevocably-individual human beings and their health'(cited in Burgess et al.,2008,p.2). On February 13 2008, the Prime Minister of Australia, Mr Kevin Rudd, offered an apology to members of the stolen generation. The apology attracted words and gestures of gratitude, relief, pride and sorrow. Also for some closure to a painful emotional wound. This let the healing begin it was an act of hope, dignity and respect acknowledging the existence and impacts of past policies and practices of forcibly removing indigenous children from their families. The apology represented that the past of mistreatment and blemished chapter in our country to reconcile indigenous and non indigenous people to a better future. The Prime Minister and opposition leader Brendan Nelson both pledged to close the 17 year life expectancy gap between Indigenous and non- Indigenous Aboriginals by 2030. Promising that Indigenous Australians to have access to same quality health services. As Mr Rudd said he is determined to make a difference. Curtins University professor of health economics, Gavin Mooney sa id it is important that Aboriginal people are involved in the process It is important to involve the indigenous and ask what they want. As it is important to ensure that the voice of ordinary Aboriginal people to be heard and what it is that they want. In conclusion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. the services of Aboriginal health à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples health disadvantage needs to be considered in the broader context of social disadvantage, inequality and exclusion, political marginalisation and the historical currents of colonialism. In order to find strategies for health services for the Indigenous Australian need to take account of historical, social, cultural and political factors in order to understand the health disadvantage faced by Aboriginal peoples in contemporary society. This enhances our knowledge of unequal health outcomes between Aboriginal and non Aboriginal people by focusing on the impacts of social structures and cultural appropriateness of health care services.

Analysis of an Article on Obesity in America Essay -- Article Review

Obesity kills at least 111,000 Americans per year (Greenstreet 107). The government has made many approaches to reshape our food system and attempt to force us to buy the foods that make us fat. Especially during our recession, it is that much easier to buy fast foods because it simply is the cheaper thing to do. We have many needs as human beings that need to be met, with food being one of the most important and being in this recession has made us easy targets for the government. Organic foods and less-fatty foods are more expensive these days so even health-savvy people try to find cheaper alternatives and look for the positives in these not-so-healthy foods. Due to this, many people believe that the government and its power to control how expensive or cheap food is sold for is the biggest reason for obesity in America but in retrospect, it is simply our own fault because we make the decision to save money and eat less nutritiously over spending more money on the best food for yo ur diet. The reason for the growing population of obesity is not due to the government creating this epidemic because they in turn are trying to help out the growing obese population. Also, the obese population is constantly growing because of the personal choices of the people, the environment around them and the genetics of each individual. Immediately in the subtitle of the article, Greenstreet is quick to declare â€Å"how corporations and the US Government create the obesity epidemic† (Greenstreet 107). He makes the government seem like they are the main enemies and contributors to the growing obesity epidemic, â€Å"the government takes an extremely damaging and passive-aggressive role in contributing to a national health crisis...† (Greenstreet 107). ... ...): 1095-1105. Raj, Manu and R. Krishna Kumar, â€Å"Obesity in children & adolescents.† Indian Journal of Medical Research 132.5 (2010): 598-607. Kouzoukas, Demetrios L. â€Å"Legal Preparedness for Obesity Prevention and Control: The Structural Framework and the Role of Government.† Journal of Law 37 (2009): 24-27 "Major Crops Grown in the United States | Ag 101 | Agriculture | US EPA." US Environmental Protection Agency. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2011. . "Obesity and Genetics." Columbia St. Mary's Medical Moment. N.p., Web. 1 May 2011. . "Ten ways to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy food." Choosing and cooking healthy food. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2011. .

Bayesian Equalizer

IntroductionThe work undertaken in this thesis chiefly discusses the two types of fuzzy system based channel equalisers in nomadic communicating system in GSM environment. The fuzzed execution and RBF execution of Bayesian equaliser based on MAP standard has been presented. The capableness of fuzzed equalisers in a GSM environment for a Rayleigh faded additive channels and nonlinear channels have been analyzed. A Type-2 fuzzy logic based equaliser proposed by Mendel [ 29 ] has been compared with proposed equaliser for GSM applications. This chapter summarizes the work reported in this thesis, stipulating the restrictions of the survey and provides some arrows to future development. Following this debut subdivision 5.2 lists the accomplishments from the work undertaken. Section 5.3 provides the restrictions and subdivision 5.4 nowadayss few arrows towards the hereafter work.Accomplishments of the thesisThe work presented in this thesis can be classified for two parts. The first portion presents the step of the public presentation of two types of fuzzy system based equalisers for GSM application in additive attenuation channels and the other portion is dedicated for nonlinear channels. Major points of the thesis, foregrounding the parts at each phase, are presented below. Chapter 3 of this thesis presents fuzzed execution of Bayesian equaliser [ 28 ] . It has seen that the Bayesian equaliser uses the estimations of noise free received vectors called channel provinces to explicate the determination map. It can be expeditiously implemented utilizing the estimations of noise free received scalars called scalar channel provinces which cut down calculations well over conventional Bayesian equaliser. It can be implemented utilizing RBF with scalar channel provinces. Subsequently, fuzzed execution of Bayesian equaliser has been derived and this fuzzed equaliser gives suboptimal consequence with farther cut downing the computational complexness. The fuzzy implemented Bayesian equaliser uses Gaussian rank maps, merchandise illation in the signifier of IF†¦ THN regulations and COG defuzzifier. This equaliser has been termed as fuzzy implemented RBF or merely RBF in the thesis. This RBF equalizer shown optimum public presentation in signifier of BER in GSM environment. The usage of fuzzy system in implementing the Bayesian equaliser provides flexibleness in the design of Bayesian equalisers with using different illation regulations and defuzzification procedure [ 12 ] . But in this thesis the fuzzy equaliser has been discussed and proposed with holding minimal illation regulation and COG defuzzifier. The parametric execution of Bayesian equalisers utilizing fuzzed systems make the equaliser traceable in GSM application supplying the consequence near to the optimal with decreased computational complexness. The Type-2 FAF has been described and evaluated under GSM environment for channel equalisation intents. This has been used to compare public presentation of proposed equaliser. Type-2 FAF utilizes the mean of the channel province bunchs formed by the attenuation of channel to explicate two rank maps ( Upper and Lower ) to make up one's mind its determination map. Type-2 FAF though provides consequence near optimum utilizing big prepa ration informations but could non execute good for GSM application.Major part from this chapter is summarized here.The public presentation rating of two types of fuzzy equalisers has been done under GSM environment with the comparing to the RBF execution of Bayesian equaliser and other additive equalisers trained with RLS and LMS algorithm with different channels and equalizer orders. These equalisers are evaluated for additive channels with Rayleigh attenuation. Chapter 4 of this thesis discusses the public presentation of fuzzed equalisers along with the additive equalisers under GSM environment for the nonlinear channels with Rayeligh melting. A block diagram of digital communicating system with nonlinearities has been discussed where different types of nonlinearities were considered. In this chapter how the channel coefficients were altering with attenuation has been shown. The channel states with debut of some nonlinearities have been shown and the motion of channel provinces along with certain dimensions with attenuation was described with simulation. The k-mean bunch method of preparation for nonlinear channels has been described as it is hard to gauge the channel with presence of nonlinearities.Major part signifier this chapter is summarized in a brief.The Type-1 fuzzy adaptative equaliser performs near to the RBF equaliser which is optimum equalisers [ 43 ] and better than the Type-2 FAF proposed by Mendel for GSM application. Type-1 FAF can be trained in 26 preparation informations which Type-2 could non. The additive equalisers trained with RLS and LMS algorithms does non demo acceptable public presentation with such little preparation informations and melting environment with the channels affected by nonlinearities.Restrictions of the workThis subdivision presents some of the restrictions of the work reported in this thesis. In this thesis the fuzzed execution of Bayesian equaliser has been validated for GSM application. This equalisers are related to ( ) where N is the size of the symbol alphabet or configuration. This big complexness bounds this signifier of equalisers to communicating systems where channel scattering is comparatively little, of order of. The work undertaken in this thesis merely considered 2-level PAM transition where to increase the transmittal speed the efficient transition strategies like 4-level PAM, QPSK are needed. It can be extended to other efficient transition strategies in line with RBF execution of Bayesian equalisers [ 49 ] . Other issues like next channel intervention ( ACI ) , co-channel intervention ( CCI ) , Rayleigh melting with different holds, clocking recovery in the receiving system were non considered.Scope for the farther researchBy reasoning this thesis, the followers are some arrows for farther plants can be undertaken. The suggested country in which research can be undertaken follows from the restriction of the work presented in this chapter. As determination feedback equalisers are simple and needs less preparation informations, a determination feedback equaliser could supply alternate equalisation scheme for GSM environment. Different efficient cryptography and transition strategies could be considered in the simulation.

Obesity Essay - 1053 Words

Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and tripled in adolescents in the past 30 years.1, 2 The percentage of children aged 6–11 years in the United States who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2010. Similarly, the percentage of adolescents aged 12–19 years who were obese increased from 5% to 18% over the same period.1, 2 In 2010, more than one third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese.1 Overweight is defined as having excess body weight for a particular height from fat, muscle, bone, water, or a combination of these factors.3 Obesity is defined as having excess body fat.4 Overweight and obesity are the result of â€Å"caloric imbalance†Ã¢â‚¬â€too few calories expended for the amount of calories†¦show more content†¦During their youth, for example, they are more likely to exhibit risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes compared with normal weight individuals.4 Additional health complications associated with overweight children include sleep apnea, asthma, and liver damage.4 Further, overweight children and adolescents are more likely to become obese adults. For example, one study found that approximately 80 percent of children who were overweight at 10 to 15 years old were obese at 25.4 Another study found that 25 percent of obese adults were overweight as children.4 This study also concluded that if overweight begins before 8 years of age, obesity in adulthood is likely to be more severe. Finally, childhood overweight has psychological and emotion al consequences. Overweight children are at an increased risk of teasing and bullying, low self-esteem, and poor body image. http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09317.html In the past 30 years, the occurrence of overweight in children has doubled and it is now estimated that one third of children ages 2-19 in the U.S. (approximately 23 million) is overweight. The health consequences of obesity are numerous and alarming. Type II diabetes,Show MoreRelatedObesity : Obesity And Obesity986 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is one of the major health epidemics that human being struggle to deal with it. Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessively high body fat in relation to lean body mass. In the last 20 years, people started complaining that fast food is the main cause of rising obesity. However, a lot of research proves that fast food is not the source of obesity. The rising obesity problem cannot be blamed on the fast food industry; there are several other factors leads to obesity. OverRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity798 Words   |  4 Pages Obesity Close to over one-third of adults living in the United States are obese (Diet and Obesity). Unfortunately, one third of children in the United States are also obese or overweight. Obesity has grown throughout the United States and has led to major health problem and can even be fatal. About 365,000 or more people die every year due to obesity. With numbers increasing obesity should be furthered examined to help prevent these conditionsRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1442 Words   |  6 Pages5/13/16 Take home Project: Obesity Obesity basically means having too much body fat. Not being overweight for your height, having too much muscle, or water in your body. What exactly is obesity? â€Å"Obesity is a condition that is associated with having an excess of body fat, defined by genetic and environmental factors that are difficult to control when dieting. Obesity is classified as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or greater. BMI is a tool used to measure obesity. Obesity increases your risk ofRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1318 Words   |  6 PagesObesity Epidemic Due to Fast Food or Something More Obesity is rising at a rapid rate here in the United States, especially childhood obesity. The obesity epidemic is one of the country’s most serious health problems. Adult obesity rates have doubled since 1980 from 15 to 30 percent, while childhood obesity rates have more than tripled. Is there a link in obesity and fast food eating? Are fast food restaurants to blame for our nation’s obesity issues? Or are we ourselves and our lack of knowledgeRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagesleads to health risks and obesity, people are still putting unhealthy food into their body daily.   The United States has the highest obesity rate in the world by 6% and the government should be helping to lower that percentage (http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Health/Obesity).   The best for the United States to help the obesity rate is by implementing a fat tax.   A fat tax is a tax on foods that are considered unhealthy and are believed to lead people to obesity.   The main way fat taxesRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1417 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerned. Doctors often use a formula based on height and weight, called body mass index (BMI), to determine obesity. Children with a BMI over 21 is considered obese and over 18 is overweight (Arnett, J.J.2016). Adults with a BMI of 30 or more are considered obese. Severe obesity, also known as severe obesity or morbid obesity, occurs when a BMI of 40 or more is present. With morbid obesity, there may be serious health problems. If children do not have enough activities, they will not be able to burnRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1413 Words   |  6 Pagescertificates, diabetes was mentioned as a cause of death (6). The Centers for Disease Control refers to â€Å"twin epidemics of diabetes and obesity, because obesity greatly increases the risk of diabetes, and the number of Americans who are obese has been increasing rapidly† (9). A newly developed term, â€Å"diabesity,† is commonly used to represent the close relationship between obesity and diabetes (8). Type 1 diabetes usually occurs in childhood and is defined when the pancreas fails to produce a healthy amountRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity892 Words   |  4 Pagesadults are considered obese in America. In recent years obesity is the health topic of choice these days because obesity in America is a growing epidemic. One out of twenty people in America have extreme obesity. According to a 2009-2010 survey conducted by the National Health and Nutrition examination this data states that about one third of children and adolescents ages six to nine are considered to be overweight or obese. Adolescent obesity has more than tripled in young adults and doubled in childrenRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity985 Words   |  4 Pages Obesity is one of the major health epidemic that human being struggle to deal with it. Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by excessively high body fat in relation to lean body mass. In the last 20 years, people started complaining that fa st food is the main cause of rising obesity. However, a lot of research proves that fast food is not the source of obesity. The rising obesity problem cannot be blamed on the fast food industry; there are several other factors leads to obesity. Read MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity1703 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States have the highest rate of people battling obesity, with childhood obesity on the rise. Just about one-third of adults in America are obese, and about 17% of children are obese. There are many health problems associated with obesity, which are preventable. America has state and local programs to prevent obesity, which Centers for Disease control and Prevention funds in all 50 states. Obesity is considered one of the highest killers since the 1980’s, with fast food shops on the rise