Taylorism or Scientific Management Principles at Ford...

The central theme of this essay will deal with the role of Taylorism or scientific management in a specific organization. The primary focus will be to critically discuss how the various methods of scientific management are applicable to the chosen organization, which in this case will be Ford Motors. The essay will describe F.W. Taylors early work life and techniques of scientific management and its success. It will then go on to discuss the production methods at Ford Motors prior and post the application of the management principles along with their benefits and criticisms. As the popularity of systematic management rose, there were many organizations that were implementing its main features such as employment of more unskilled workers†¦show more content†¦This would not only be advantageous for the employer but also the employee since it would result in higher wages. Due to this, the worker’s level of motivation and drive to do better would escalate leading to overall productivity of the organization (Salimath and Jones, 2011, p.88). Taylor furthermore emphasized on this method as it reduced the time taken between each activity since each worker was limited to doing a precise task. Thus, the worker was able to complete the job in the least possible time and reduce wastage. Along with improved efficiency, Taylor used scientific management techniques to make sure proper utilization of resources is taking place and wastage is being kept to a minimum (Salimath and Jones, 2011, pp. 85-86). Taylorism can be seen as an evident feature in several production based industries especially organizations specializing in automotive manufacturing. One of the key practitioners of Taylors management principles was Henry Ford, founder of Ford Motor Company. Initially at Ford motors, production used to take place by keeping the vehicle at one position and making the workers move in and about gathering the several parts together. This method unfortunately was a very tedious and time-consuming process. In view of this fact, Henry Ford appointed Taylor to monitor the operations taking place. Ford applied the scientific managementShow MoreRelatedTaylorism Is A Scientific Management System1480 Words   |  6 PagesTaylorism is a scientific management system that was developed by Fredrick Taylor in the 1880s. Taylorism works in a method based on F. Taylor’s scientific study of accomplishing different tasks instead of empirical methods or methods inspired by past experience and knowledge. Taylorism also tends to scientifically train and help develop employees’ skills instead of letting them train themselves during their time in the workplace. Another principle of Taylorism is that it gives comprehensive andRead MoreThe Theory Of Scientific Management1633 Words   |  7 Pagestheory of scientific management, which was revolutionised by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1887 (A.Huczynski, 2010) and to critically evaluate the benefits and pitfalls of his theory. This theory Taylor developed is known as Taylorism and has been used commonly in various structures of organisation. Comparisons shall be drawn to other theories and advancements of this theory, such as Fordism and Toyotism, which was extremely popular in Japan (Cheng, 2009). Using these variations of Taylorism, we canRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management944 Words   |  4 Pagescontinued to promote his principles through lectures at universities as professional societies, leading to his election as president of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1906. That year he was also given an honorary science degree from the University of Pennsylvania. During his presidency he wrote many books documenting his methods for maximum production, i ncluding â€Å"Notes on Belting†, â€Å"Piece-rate System†, and his bestselling book â€Å"The Principles of Scientific Management.† He would argue thatRead MoreTaylorism and McDonaldization1597 Words   |  7 PagesScientific management or Taylorism is an approach to job design, developed by Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) during the Second World War. With the industrial revolution came a fast growing pool of people, seeking jobs, that required a new approach of management. Scientific management was the first management theory, applied internationally. It believes in the rational use of resources for utmost output, hence motivating workers to earn more money. Taylor believed that the incompetence of managersRead MoreImpact of Taylor and Ford on Organizations Today1747 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of Taylor and Ford on Organizations Today Scientific management is a well known approach towards management and it can be traced back to the work of Fredrick Taylor and Henry Ford. Taylor believed that similar to the way that there is best machine to each job, so there is the best method that people should undertake their jobs. Fordism which picked up the name of its pioneer, Ford, involved mass consumption which is combined with mass production to produce widespread material advancementRead MoreFrederick W. Taylor And Human Relations Essay1274 Words   |  6 Pagesfocus on some important management approaches of Taylorism and the Human Relations School. First the central tenets of both models are outlined giving examples of how they are still applied in contemporary society. The advantages and disadvantages of scientific management theories by Taylor are discussed. This is followed by a comparison of the two theories and how management principles by Taylor were replaced by human relations school of thought. Taylorism is a management approach initiated by FrederickRead MoreCritical Evaluation of Taylorism and Fordism Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesTaylorism is also known as scientific management which named after Frederick W. Taylor. It is a production efficiency methodology that breaks works into small and simple segments which can be easily analysed and taught. Taylorism was first mentioned in 1920s and 20 years later. Henry Ford, who was the founder of the Ford Motor Company, used the scientific management in the form of assembly line production as a method on the T-model car production of his company. This kind of production method thenRead MoreImpact of Taylorism and Fordism on Management2026 Words   |  9 PagesManagement is a very complex field and has evolved over a long period of time. Globalization has affected every part of our lives and not even management has been spared, thus forcing new approaches to management to be developed in line with global demands. The oldest sc hool of thought was the scientific management by Frederick Winslow Taylor. His main objective was to improve economic efficiency through application of scientific principles to labour process and establish one best way to do thingsRead MoreFredrick W. Taylor Ideas in Todays Organisation2487 Words   |  10 PagesFredrick W. Taylor (1856 Ââ€" 1915), pioneered the scientific management movement which studies a job carefully, breaking it into its smallest components, establish exact time and motion requirements for each task to be done, and then train workers to best complete these tasks in the same ways over and over again (Schermerhorn, Hunt Osborn, 1998). These efforts are the forerunners of modern industrial engineering approaches to job design that focus on process efficiencies, the best methods and smoothRead MoreWeber1699 Words   |  7 PagesDrawing on Weber’s ideal type, critically consider the relevance of bureaucratic administration to the management of twenty-fir st century organizations. Max Weber was a German sociologist in the twentieth century; he was famous for his classical management theory. Weber classified three different types of authority, traditional, charismatic and legitimate authority. Traditional authority is based on traditions and customs that the leader has the legitimate right to use authority. Charismatic authority

Practical Evidence Of Cognitive Interview - 1549 Words

Practical Evidence of Cognitive Interview in Police Officers Cognitive interview (CI) has established its significance in improving the method of witness interviews. It is developed by psychologists Geiselma, Fisher and their colleagues (1985) 25 years ago. The framework of the CI is derived from the Encoding Specificity Principle (Tulving Thomson, 1973). Tulving and Thomson (1973) claimed that memory recall performance is most effective when the encoding cues are presented during the process of retrieval. In other words, the best way to retrieve memory is to mentally reinstate oneself at the time of the event. Based on this principle, the original CI (OCI) is comprised of four techniques, including (1) reinstate the context, (2) report everything, (3) recall the events in different orders and (4) change perspectives (Geiselman et al., 1984). The interviewees are prompted to reinstate into the context of the events mentally and then report everything they can recall even details the y do not think that is important. Additionally, the interviewees are also required to recall the event in different chronological order; and recall the event with different perspectives, such as their own perspective or other s perspective. In later years, enhanced version of the CI (ECI) is developed to address the social barriers within the interview, such as interviewee s anxiety, in order to maximize the memory recall performance of the interviewees (Fisher Edward, 1992). The socialShow MoreRelatedThe Cognitive Interview and Eyewitness Credibility1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cognitive Interview and Eyewitness Credibility My Initial Hypothesis Hypothesis: The cognitive interview increases the credibility of eyewitness testimony by decreasing memory error and confabulations. Information is the lifeblood of a criminal investigation. The ability of investigators to obtain useful and accurate information from eyewitnesses of crimes is crucial to effective law enforcement, yet full and accurate recall is difficult to achieve (Stewart, 1985). Such elicitationRead MoreBeing Somebody Else: Emotional Labour and Emotional Dissonance by Dijk and Kirk 1240 Words   |  5 Pageswriter draws a conclusion via the interview of 25 relevant employees. In the paper, author summarizes four steps via secondary and quantitative. First, it has been found that employee have a responsibility to response display rules which is needed by emotion labour, however negative outcomes were not always with display rules. The next step is that emotion labour not always bring negative outcome, but also positive. In the third step, it mainly states that cognitive dissonance causes discomfort, andRead MoreThe PEACE and Cognitive Interviewing Models vs. the Reid Technique 1725 Words   |  7 Pagesother is Cognitive Interviewing. These methods are not interrogation techniques like Reid but interview processes. The Reid Technique is an interrogation process that consists of two parts, the interview and a nine-step interrogation. The interview, which is non-accusatory in nature, gives the interviewer a chance to gather information related to the case. The interview also allows the interrogator to gather behavioral information by conducting what is known as a behavioral analysis interview (BAI)Read MoreTheory Analysis: Health Promotion Teaching Plan1109 Words   |  5 Pages Health promotion teaching Plan for principles of health promotion for students. Assessment of learning needs - The knowledge needs to be reduced to practical and condensed themes so that it can be easily remembered and applied. Differentiated learning will be employed so that assessment will occur in differentiated style according to specific personality, level, style of learning etc. K knowledge level -a their knowledge level is excellent, particularly since students have recently receivedRead MoreChapter Analysis: Anxiety Disorders From Understanding Abnormal Child Psychology by Mash and Wolfe693 Words   |  3 Pages The authors describe the three anxiety responses, which are interrelated. These three include the physical or biological response (such as the primitive fight-or-flight response); the cognitive response to stressful stimuli with anxiety, and the behavioral aspects or reactions to the feeling of anxiety. Cognitive and behavioral responses to anxiety are fed by the biological responses to stressors, fear, or perceived threats. Behavioral responses include aggression, anger, or avoidance. 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Mechanical Ventilation

Questions: 1. You are making the initial attempt to wean a patient from mechanical ventilation in the CMV mode using a T-piece. After 30 minutes on the T-piece you observe the following Pulse 90 Stable blood pressure 125/80 Respiratory rate 18/minPhysical appearance-no signs of distress Discuss what would your next action include?2. List 4 things that would keep a patient from being able to wean on the ventilator.3. Your patient has the following parameters collected to determine if the patient is ready to wean from mechanical ventilation. This patients IBW is 80 kg. The patient has been on the SIMV with pressure support of 10 with a rate of 4 and VT of 700 with an Fio2 of 40%. You put him on CPAP for 2 minutes and obtain the following data:HR 110 RR 14 BP 130/90 VC 900 mL MIP 40 cm H2O VT 500 ml4. A 44-year-old male with severe COPD is intubated and ventilated with pressure support ventilation. You note that he is making inspiratory efforts that do not trigger the ventilator. What is the most likely cause and what can you do to improve the patient-ventilator interaction? Answers: 1. The patient who is continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV) is weaned for the ventilator. The vital parameters after 30 min are 90 per min, 125/80 mm of Hg and 18 per min respectively for pulse, blood pressure and breathing rate. The parameters are in the range of normal values for pulse, blood pressure and respiratory rate (George, Nicole Andrew, 2013). In addition, there are no signs of distress. The results indicate that the patient is able to have normal respiration; therefore the mechanical ventilation may be not required. The mechanical ventilators support is required in the instances where the vital parameters are adversely affected. 2. The following are the few parameters to be considered to keep a patient from being able to wean on the ventilator (Laura, 2012) Check ventilator settings and modes: Breathing rate, setting of ventilations etc Educating the patient and attends about the implications Managing the air passage (way) Check the suction for appropriateness 3. The SIMV (Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation) is mode of intermittent mandatory ventilation to provide partial ventilation in order to support the patient for mechanical ventilation. During SIMV, the patient can be provided with mandatory, synchronized and spontaneous breath. In the current case, the patient is supported of 10 with a rate of 4, VT of 700 with 40% FiO2. Then the patient was switchover to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for 2 minutes. The observations as follows Heart Rate : 110 Respiratory Rate (RR) : 14 Blood Pressure : 130/90mm of Hg Vital Capacity : 900 mL Maximal inspiratory pressure: 40 cm H2O Tidal Volume (Vt): 500 ml 3.1. What is RSBI? The term, Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI) is a ratio used as an indicator for the assessment of respiration and decides the patient for weaning of ventilator. It can be measured by calculating the ratio of respiratory rate (f) and tidal volume (Vt) and a value below 105 of RSBI is considered as the accepted value for weaning of extubation (Crawford, Otero, Donnino, Garcia, Khazal Lenoir, 2007). In the current case, the value is 0.028. 3.2. Would we be able to wean this patient and why? Yes the patient can be weaned off for the ventilation based on the RSBI. It is below 105 therefore can be weaned off using suitable method 3.3. Which method of weaning would you use and why? The methods that are used for weaning of ventilation include T-piece trials, SIMV and pressure support ventilation. Among the methods, SIMV can be sued for weaning. The method comprises of gradual decreasing the mandatory rate by 2 to 4 bpm (Jeremy Mark, 2005). The gradual reduction prevent sudden onset of side effects and facilitate the patient for normal respiration. 4. Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) is operated at preset pressure and it supports the patient in initiation of breath and regulation of certain parameters (breathing rate and tidal volume). Ideally, the ventilator should respond to a patients inspiratory effort. The factors that influence the sensitivity trigger include pressure, flow, and/or time. In the current case, the set parameters are not helping to trigger the ventilation and lead to increase in load on the respiratory muscles. Else, the time for of trigger stint may be prolonged due to the pressure transducer from the ventilator (Mellott, Grap, Munro, Sessler Wetzel, 2009). Therefore the patient and ventilator interaction can be improved manipulating the pressure; flow and/or time E.g. Setting a shortest time for trigger will minimize the efforts of patient in terms of inspiration. References Crawford, J., Otero, R., Donnino, M., Garcia, J., Khazal, R Lenoir, T (2007) Rapid shallow breathing index- a key predictor for noninvasive ventilation. Critical Care 11(Suppl 2) P169 George, Y., Nicole, AD Andrew, MR (2013) Respiratory rate and breathing pattern MUMJ 10(1) 23-25 Jeremy, L Mark, JG (2005) Weaning from mechanical ventilation Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 5 (4): 113-117. Laura, CPM (2012) Top 10 care essentials for ventilator patients American Nurse Today 7(3)13-16 Mellott, KG., Grap, MJ., Munro, CL., Sessler, CN Wetzel, PA. (2009). Patient-ventilator dyssynchrony: Clinical significance and implications for practice. Critical Care Nurse, 29(6), 4155.

The Salem Witchcraft Trials Essays - Salem Witch Trials,

The Salem Witchcraft Trials The Salem Witchcraft Trials The Salem Witchcraft trials in Massachusetts during 1692 resulted in nineteen innocent men and women being hanged, one man pressed to death, and in the deaths of more than seventeen who died in jail. It all began at the end of 1691 when a few girls in the town began to experiment with magic by gathering around a crystal ball to try to find the answer to questions such as "what trade their sweet harts should be of ". This conjuring took place in the Parris household where a woman named Tituba, an Indian slave, headed the rituals. Soon after they had begun to practice these rituals, girls who had been involved, including the Master Parris' daughter and niece, became sick. They had constant fits, twitched, cried, made odd noises, and huddled in corners. The family called in doctors, and they were treated for many illnesses. Nothing helped. Many weeks later after running out of reasons for their strange behavior, all of their symptoms seemed to lead to one belief, "The evil hand is upon them." They were possessed by the Devil. At first the families of the children could not find anyone to accuse for being the witch responsible for possessing the children. Then, late in February of 1692, Parris' neighbor, Mary Sibley recommended that Parris' slaves, Tituba and John Indian, should work a spell to try to find the culprits. Even after trying this solution the girls' condition worsened, and the people responsible still had not been found. The girls began to see hazy shadows and believed that these shadows were of the people who had done this to them. After more and more children became victims of this, the hunting for the witches who were to blame for the girls' sickness began to get more serious. By the end of February 1692, not one, but three witches had been named. These women were Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, and Tituba, all residents of Salem Village. Sarah Good was a poor "socially undesirable" member of the village of Salem which made her susceptible to accusations of being a witch and of practicing black magic. She was well known in the village for her eccentric behavior, and in the past people had suspected her of being a witch. Her husband, William Good, was a simple laborer and his inadequate income forced the Goods to accept charity and to beg for goods from their neighbors. Sometimes they even had to live with their neighbors, but this never lasted long. Sarah Good's actions and behaviors would often cause unrest in the hosts and their families, and then the Good family would be asked to leave. A few of the villagers they stayed with reported that their livestock would begin to sicken and die after the Goods were forced to leave. More than fifteen families claimed that Sarah Good bewitched their livestock while others reported that she could make objects disappear into thin air. When Good was questioned about these accusations, her answers were always tight-lipped and aggressive, further leading the people to believe that she was in fact a witch. Sarah Osborne was also one of the first three women accused of putting spells on the girls and possessing them. Unlike Tituba and Sarah Good, however, she was from a very wealthy household. Although it is believed sometimes that only poor people were accused of being witches, in the Salem Witchcraft Trials, this was not true, as in the case of Osborne. Women and men accused of being witches were either looked down upon in the community or envied for their land and wealth, as Sarah Osborne was in Salem. Tituba, like Good, was very poor. She worked as a servant in the Parris home and was a Carib Indian born in Barbados in the West Indies. Reverend Parris brought Tituba to New England when he was still a merchant, and after this she married John Indian who also worked as slave for Reverend Parris. Tituba was the person asked to aid with the girls' illnesses by making a witch's cake to find their culprit and after this did not work, she was arrested four days later for being a witch herself. Each of these three women was examined by local Salem officials before they were sent off to await trial in a Boston jail. The girls, who these witches had supposedly inflicted sickness upon, were also present during these trials to show the court how much pain the three women had caused. During the trial Sarah Good kept insisting that she was