Mechanical Ventilation

Questions: 1. You are making the initial attempt to wean a patient from mechanical ventilation in the CMV mode using a T-piece. After 30 minutes on the T-piece you observe the following Pulse 90 Stable blood pressure 125/80 Respiratory rate 18/minPhysical appearance-no signs of distress Discuss what would your next action include?2. List 4 things that would keep a patient from being able to wean on the ventilator.3. Your patient has the following parameters collected to determine if the patient is ready to wean from mechanical ventilation. This patients IBW is 80 kg. The patient has been on the SIMV with pressure support of 10 with a rate of 4 and VT of 700 with an Fio2 of 40%. You put him on CPAP for 2 minutes and obtain the following data:HR 110 RR 14 BP 130/90 VC 900 mL MIP 40 cm H2O VT 500 ml4. A 44-year-old male with severe COPD is intubated and ventilated with pressure support ventilation. You note that he is making inspiratory efforts that do not trigger the ventilator. What is the most likely cause and what can you do to improve the patient-ventilator interaction? Answers: 1. The patient who is continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV) is weaned for the ventilator. The vital parameters after 30 min are 90 per min, 125/80 mm of Hg and 18 per min respectively for pulse, blood pressure and breathing rate. The parameters are in the range of normal values for pulse, blood pressure and respiratory rate (George, Nicole Andrew, 2013). In addition, there are no signs of distress. The results indicate that the patient is able to have normal respiration; therefore the mechanical ventilation may be not required. The mechanical ventilators support is required in the instances where the vital parameters are adversely affected. 2. The following are the few parameters to be considered to keep a patient from being able to wean on the ventilator (Laura, 2012) Check ventilator settings and modes: Breathing rate, setting of ventilations etc Educating the patient and attends about the implications Managing the air passage (way) Check the suction for appropriateness 3. The SIMV (Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation) is mode of intermittent mandatory ventilation to provide partial ventilation in order to support the patient for mechanical ventilation. During SIMV, the patient can be provided with mandatory, synchronized and spontaneous breath. In the current case, the patient is supported of 10 with a rate of 4, VT of 700 with 40% FiO2. Then the patient was switchover to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for 2 minutes. The observations as follows Heart Rate : 110 Respiratory Rate (RR) : 14 Blood Pressure : 130/90mm of Hg Vital Capacity : 900 mL Maximal inspiratory pressure: 40 cm H2O Tidal Volume (Vt): 500 ml 3.1. What is RSBI? The term, Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI) is a ratio used as an indicator for the assessment of respiration and decides the patient for weaning of ventilator. It can be measured by calculating the ratio of respiratory rate (f) and tidal volume (Vt) and a value below 105 of RSBI is considered as the accepted value for weaning of extubation (Crawford, Otero, Donnino, Garcia, Khazal Lenoir, 2007). In the current case, the value is 0.028. 3.2. Would we be able to wean this patient and why? Yes the patient can be weaned off for the ventilation based on the RSBI. It is below 105 therefore can be weaned off using suitable method 3.3. Which method of weaning would you use and why? The methods that are used for weaning of ventilation include T-piece trials, SIMV and pressure support ventilation. Among the methods, SIMV can be sued for weaning. The method comprises of gradual decreasing the mandatory rate by 2 to 4 bpm (Jeremy Mark, 2005). The gradual reduction prevent sudden onset of side effects and facilitate the patient for normal respiration. 4. Pressure Support Ventilation (PSV) is operated at preset pressure and it supports the patient in initiation of breath and regulation of certain parameters (breathing rate and tidal volume). Ideally, the ventilator should respond to a patients inspiratory effort. The factors that influence the sensitivity trigger include pressure, flow, and/or time. In the current case, the set parameters are not helping to trigger the ventilation and lead to increase in load on the respiratory muscles. Else, the time for of trigger stint may be prolonged due to the pressure transducer from the ventilator (Mellott, Grap, Munro, Sessler Wetzel, 2009). Therefore the patient and ventilator interaction can be improved manipulating the pressure; flow and/or time E.g. Setting a shortest time for trigger will minimize the efforts of patient in terms of inspiration. References Crawford, J., Otero, R., Donnino, M., Garcia, J., Khazal, R Lenoir, T (2007) Rapid shallow breathing index- a key predictor for noninvasive ventilation. Critical Care 11(Suppl 2) P169 George, Y., Nicole, AD Andrew, MR (2013) Respiratory rate and breathing pattern MUMJ 10(1) 23-25 Jeremy, L Mark, JG (2005) Weaning from mechanical ventilation Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 5 (4): 113-117. Laura, CPM (2012) Top 10 care essentials for ventilator patients American Nurse Today 7(3)13-16 Mellott, KG., Grap, MJ., Munro, CL., Sessler, CN Wetzel, PA. (2009). Patient-ventilator dyssynchrony: Clinical significance and implications for practice. Critical Care Nurse, 29(6), 4155.

The Salem Witchcraft Trials Essays - Salem Witch Trials,

The Salem Witchcraft Trials The Salem Witchcraft Trials The Salem Witchcraft trials in Massachusetts during 1692 resulted in nineteen innocent men and women being hanged, one man pressed to death, and in the deaths of more than seventeen who died in jail. It all began at the end of 1691 when a few girls in the town began to experiment with magic by gathering around a crystal ball to try to find the answer to questions such as "what trade their sweet harts should be of ". This conjuring took place in the Parris household where a woman named Tituba, an Indian slave, headed the rituals. Soon after they had begun to practice these rituals, girls who had been involved, including the Master Parris' daughter and niece, became sick. They had constant fits, twitched, cried, made odd noises, and huddled in corners. The family called in doctors, and they were treated for many illnesses. Nothing helped. Many weeks later after running out of reasons for their strange behavior, all of their symptoms seemed to lead to one belief, "The evil hand is upon them." They were possessed by the Devil. At first the families of the children could not find anyone to accuse for being the witch responsible for possessing the children. Then, late in February of 1692, Parris' neighbor, Mary Sibley recommended that Parris' slaves, Tituba and John Indian, should work a spell to try to find the culprits. Even after trying this solution the girls' condition worsened, and the people responsible still had not been found. The girls began to see hazy shadows and believed that these shadows were of the people who had done this to them. After more and more children became victims of this, the hunting for the witches who were to blame for the girls' sickness began to get more serious. By the end of February 1692, not one, but three witches had been named. These women were Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, and Tituba, all residents of Salem Village. Sarah Good was a poor "socially undesirable" member of the village of Salem which made her susceptible to accusations of being a witch and of practicing black magic. She was well known in the village for her eccentric behavior, and in the past people had suspected her of being a witch. Her husband, William Good, was a simple laborer and his inadequate income forced the Goods to accept charity and to beg for goods from their neighbors. Sometimes they even had to live with their neighbors, but this never lasted long. Sarah Good's actions and behaviors would often cause unrest in the hosts and their families, and then the Good family would be asked to leave. A few of the villagers they stayed with reported that their livestock would begin to sicken and die after the Goods were forced to leave. More than fifteen families claimed that Sarah Good bewitched their livestock while others reported that she could make objects disappear into thin air. When Good was questioned about these accusations, her answers were always tight-lipped and aggressive, further leading the people to believe that she was in fact a witch. Sarah Osborne was also one of the first three women accused of putting spells on the girls and possessing them. Unlike Tituba and Sarah Good, however, she was from a very wealthy household. Although it is believed sometimes that only poor people were accused of being witches, in the Salem Witchcraft Trials, this was not true, as in the case of Osborne. Women and men accused of being witches were either looked down upon in the community or envied for their land and wealth, as Sarah Osborne was in Salem. Tituba, like Good, was very poor. She worked as a servant in the Parris home and was a Carib Indian born in Barbados in the West Indies. Reverend Parris brought Tituba to New England when he was still a merchant, and after this she married John Indian who also worked as slave for Reverend Parris. Tituba was the person asked to aid with the girls' illnesses by making a witch's cake to find their culprit and after this did not work, she was arrested four days later for being a witch herself. Each of these three women was examined by local Salem officials before they were sent off to await trial in a Boston jail. The girls, who these witches had supposedly inflicted sickness upon, were also present during these trials to show the court how much pain the three women had caused. During the trial Sarah Good kept insisting that she was

Renters Insurance Essay Example

Renters Insurance Essay Example Renters Insurance Essay Renters Insurance Essay I chose to write my paper on renters insurance. I do not own the place where I live but I do own valuables that should be protected. I decided to contact an Allstate insurance agent for renter’s insurance options. I was informed that renters insurance is for anyone who rents a home, be it a house or an apartment. Renters insurance can protect your personal property against fire, theft and vandalism. Renters insurance does not just help provide coverage for everyday necessities like furniture and clothes. It also helps protect theft prone valuables like laptops and bikes, wherever taken. If something like a fire makes a home uninhabitable, renters insurance will cover the increase in costs of a place to live until it can be moved back into. RI will also replace personal belongings at replacement value, not just the depreciated value. RI can help provide protection in case of a liability lawsuit. This could occur in a situation where you are held responsible for, injury of another person or damage to another person’s property. Whether the incident occurred within your rented residence, or elsewhere. The amount of protection provided by RI depends on the coverage plan bought, how much coverage is bought, and which deductible is selected. Surprisingly the amount of protection provided by renters insurance is quite large. Had I not looked in to it I would have never known the full scope of coverage for this type of insurance and how beneficial and wise it can be to have renters insurance.

Drugstore and Soda Fountains Essays

Drugstore and Soda Fountains Essays Drugstore and Soda Fountains Essay Drugstore and Soda Fountains Essay During the early 1900’s in America, the average drug store is comprised of three parts: pharmacy, retail sales, and the ‘soda water fountain’. The soda fountain is a dispenser of flavored syrups and carbonated water. Soon enough soda fountains were also used to describe ice-cream parlors, while counters in pharmacies started selling soft drinks (Leonard, R. B. , 1916, p. 322; Soft drinks, 2007). The soda water fountain’s popularity can be credited to the creativeness of American pharmacists. Already in the business of selling soda water, the American pharmacists later added flavors derived from fruits, nuts, berries, roots, herbs, and other plant sources to the unflavored mineral water. Various ingredients from plants and trees were used such as birch bark, dandelion, sarsaparilla, and other fruit extracts, some of which were purposely chosen for their medicinal value. The other additives were chosen to enhance the appearance of the clear sparkling mineral water. City dwellers as well as small town folks enjoyed drinking soda in these establishments. However, the fame of soda water fountains started to collapse with the advent of fast foods restaurants, commercialized ice cream, and bottled soft drinks. But this did not mean the collapse of the soft drinks industry. In fact, soft drinks underwent much development through time. There have been many different kinds of carbonated soft drinks formulated throughout history and various companies engaged in its production. Nevertheless, this paper will focus only on the two giants in the industry: Coca-cola and Pepsi Cola. Coca Cola What is today the big name ‘Coca Cola’ was discovered and established in 1886 by a pharmacist from Atlanta, Georgia named Doctor John Pemberton. By concocting a medication that contained extracts of caffeine-rich kola nuts and of the cocaine-rich coca plant to cure headache and hangover, he produced Coca-Cola (Carbonated Beverage, 2004, p. 8495). Ingredients of the Coca-Cola formula and the how it was manufactured by Doctor John Pemberton is discussed in a book by Mark Pendergrast entitled, ‘For God, Country and Coca-Cola’. Mr. Pendergrast was given the opportunity to access archival material of Coca-Cola and to interview people within Coca-Cola. This privilege gave him important data from Coca-Cola sources (The Coca-Cola Recipe, 2007). It was established in his research that the production of soft drinks takes quality. For instance, even though the water that is used in its manufacture already comes from a safe and potable source, further purification processes are held in place to ensure the quality of the product. In manufacturing soft drinks as a whole, measures must be taken to ensure purity and uniformity of the ingredients because any impurity that is not screened would be carried on to the final soft drink product (Soft drink, 2007). John Pemberton constructed a primitive filtering contraption in his house made of sand from a nearby river. It is in this primitive filtering contraption that he pours the flavoring mixture made from his recipe to remove solid particles and whatever impurities the water from the municipal supply and other items in his syrup mixture may still contain (The Coca-Cola Recipe, 2007). Before John Pemberton died, ownership of Coca-Cola changed hands in 1887. The new owner Asa Candler, an Atlanta pharmacist and businessman, also changed Coca-Cola’s formula. Candler’s intention in doing this was to prohibit imitators from producing soft drinks which are similar to Coca Cola since a bunch of people already knew its original formula at the time Candler purchased the rights to produce it exclusively. Further, Candler made some additions in the formula such as preservative in the form of glycerin, phosphoric acid as replacement for citric acid, reduction of its caffeine content, and removal of cocaine as an ingredient. In the revised formula of Asa Candler, the ingredients were sugar, caramel, caffeine, phosphoric acid, coca leaf cola nut extract, lime juice, flavoring mixture, vanilla and glycerin (The Coca-Cola Recipe, 2007). At present time though, changes have already been made in the aforementioned Candler’s formula including. With corn syrup now used as a sweetener instead of sugar, its packaging also evolved with the changing demands of the consumers. Today, far from the original sodas of the drug store’s soda fountains, carbonated soft drinks are packaged for sale in various containers, such as aluminum or tin cans, plastic bottles, and glass bottles. The company also released a ‘New Coke’ formula on April 23, 1985, but it did not do well to those accustomed to the old Coca-Cola flavor so the old formula was reinstated. Coca-Cola’s success and popularity can be attributed to Asa Candler’s aggressive marketing of Coca-Cola. Together with Coca-Cola’s success, the demand for syrup sales increased. The company sells syrup to independent bottling companies which have been given license to sell the soft drink. Nowadays, Coca-Cola soft drinks that are being consumed each day rise up to 9 digit figures (Bellis, 2007). Pepsi-Cola In 1898, Caleb Bradham, a pharmacist in North Carolina, had a soda fountain in his drugstore. This is where he served his customers refreshing drinks: carbonated water mixed with medicinal and flavorful ingredients which he himself chose. What he termed as ‘Brad’s drink’ became his infamous drink in his soda fountain. The ingredients of the said drink were sugar, carbonated water, rare oils, pepsin, cola nuts and vanilla. He created the drink back in 1893 (Bellis, 2007). This particular concoction is to become ‘Pepsi Cola’ in 1898. It was renamed after the key ingredients, pepsin and cola nuts. In that same year, Bradham purchased from a competitor that went bankrupt the trade name ‘Pep Cola’ at the price of 100 US dollars. In June of 1903, the name Pepsi Cola was first introduced and trademarked. It was Bradham’s neighbor who took the job of designing the first ever logo of Pepsi Cola. Business was successful until he gambled on the fluctuations of sugar prices during World War I resulting in the bankrupt of Pepsi Cola in 1923. The year 1931 saw to the transfer of Pepsi Cola ownership to the ‘Loft Candy Company’. The then company president Charles G. Guth changed the Pepsi Cola formula. However, this change made it difficult for Guth to make Pepsi Cola a winner in the industry so he resorted to selling Pepsi Cola to the Coca-Cola Company, but to no avail. 1940 saw to the creation of Pepsi Cola history because it was at that time when the first commercial jingle, entitled ‘Nickel Nickel’, was made and aired throughout the United States of America (Bellis, 2007). Like its competitor, Coca-Cola, changes were introduced in Pepsi Cola. In 1964, ‘Diet Pepsi’ was offered in the market.

Discuss the impact of Franklin D. Roosevelt's personal and Essay

Discuss the impact of Franklin D. Roosevelt's personal and professional experiences prior to 1932 on his political, social, and - Essay Example Nonetheless, the individuals whose personal experiences played an immense role in obtaining the appropriate outcomes achieved heroic status with history classes filled with lessons about these personalities. One such personality is Franklin Delano Roosevelt whose experiences contributed to his political, social, and economic views, which were instrumental in defining the approach that he used to handle the Great Depression. Roosevelt was born as the only child of Sara and James in Hyde Park, New York on the January 30, 1882 (â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt†). Hyde Park used to be an estate for farmers who lived a rural life in the Hudson Valley, which played an immense role in the life of young Roosevelt who developed a lifelong passion for forestry, which was instrumental in shaping some of his political, social, and economic views. In addition, his love for the rural life and people contributed to some of the policies that were immense in his career. Roosevelt went to school in various places and he joined Harvard Law School in 1900. However, he focused more on his social life and extracurricular activities, failed to complete his LL.B. degree, and only joined Columbia University Law School although he did not complete the courses required to get a degree although he gained admittance to the bar. Nonetheless, Roosevelt ventured into law practice, which effectively made him venture into politics and started his rise on the political ladder of the United States. In this case, he became a freshman senator for the State of New York in 1990 and the first legislation that he introduced was a legislation that was meant to protect farmers (â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt†). In line with this, it is important to point out that this first legislation was a result of his personal upbringing among the rural people and his love for these people. In addition, Roosevelt headed the Senate Committee on Forest, Fish, and Game and this role helped him emerge as a leading conservationist. However, his conservation efforts did not emerge from his role in this Senate committee, but it was due to his background and his personal life in the rural setup. Following the election of Woodrow Wilson, Roosevelt was appointed to the position of assistant secretary of the navy for seven years. This role was instrumental since he was able to thrust the navy into the limelight with the navy participating in the First World War. Importantly, Roosevelt advocated for a strong military that played an influential role in the war despite the then president advocating for a lesser military role. Consequently, Roosevelt played an instrumental role in absorbing the president from the war and he consequently gained a combination of idealistic and realistic ideas that helped him during the formation of the United Nations (â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt†). Roosevelt suffered the effects of polio at the age of 39 years, which paralyzed his lower part of the body starting at the waist region going down to the legs (â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt†). In effect, he could not walk again although he knew â€Å"with characteristic energy, optimism, ingenuity, and determination† that he would regain his strength (â€Å"Franklin D. Roosevelt†). Consequently, he was able to start exercise regimens that helped him regain his

Strategy, analysis, & Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategy, analysis, & Evaluation - Essay Example This reflective study essentially intends to significantly reveal upon the wisdom and learning I received from the trainers and teachers. In the given course module, I have largely read regarding the concepts, theories and importance of strategic management and crucial evaluation of the facts I have understood during the curriculum and how can I relate as well as apply this in my prospective career (Lock, 2004). To carry out this investigation, self reflection method will be implemented. In this study, I will depict about my learning during the course and will mirror upon how I apply those learning in my professional career. In this contemporary world, where everything is occurring in real time, businesses and organizations are continuously focusing on strategies and techniques helping them grow and develop at the same time. The legacy of marketing theories and concepts can be traced back to the time when trade and commerce came into light. The marketing theory has greatly influenced the peak of other theories relevant to commerce and business. Beside development of marketing theories, various other parallel streams such as commodity development, internal management analysis, institutional marketing, industry analysis, branding and promotion, advertising and media also experienced wonderful expansion and progress (Pettigrew, Whittington and Thomas, 2006). The quick evolution, that occurred just after the Second World War added escalation in the 1960s. This time the push was largely on operational management and organizational behavior which also strongly influenced the theories of marketing. The report deals with strategic management audit of a large hospital. Extensive secondary research was taken up as an approach to gather relevant information. Primarily the research was done in the area of strategic auditing with respect to the organization as well as the industry itself. This analysis helped me in understanding useful insights about the theory as well as r ealistic and practical application of strategic management auditing. The goal of the report was to understand and evaluate the internal and external analysis of the hospital and prepare strategies which will help in growth and sustainable development of the organization in future. The report was based on an organization called King’s College Hospital NHS Trust, which is undergoing a comprehensive strategic investigation. Research about the hospital assisted me to understand the process flow of an organization in a service industry. This also provided me an opportunity to closely review the various occupations, functional activities as well as operational aspects of a hospital and importance of their smooth and appropriate integration for the proper functioning of an organization. Apart from that the project also helped me in learning various theoretical and academic models associated with the assignment. For example, I learned and made use of different concepts such as value chain analysis; VRIN analysis and stakeholder approach, but barely had any consciousness and practical knowledge about the methodological sides of these concepts. The assignment not only widened my overall understanding about the various concepts but provided me with a firsthand experience of the practicality and

Food Technology Essay Example for Free

Food Technology Essay Let’s remember 1The key stages of the technology process are designing, producing and evaluating. 2A design situation is a scenario, situation or context. It sets the scene for a designer. A design brief is a statement that presents a task or problem to be solved as it relates to the design situation. 3It is important to analyse the design brief to ensure that the designer understands what is required of them and so that they can develop a criteria for success. 4It is essential to know the criteria for success before undertaking a design process so that a designer can refer back to these criteria during the design process and ensure that they are on track and making correct decisions. It is essential to know the constraints before undertaking a design project so that a designer stays within the boundaries of the project, particularly in terms of cost and schedule. 5Some methods of research and investigation that designers use may include: inspiration boards, interviews, the Internet, surveys, experiments, observations, textbooks, encyclopaedias, magazines and TV programs. 6Primary sources of information are original documents. Some examples of primary sources are interview responses, survey responses, observations or original documents. Secondary sources of information are collected from existing documents and might include textbooks, magazines, TV programs and Internet searches. 7Designers sometimes produce simple sketches of their ideas to ensure that they remember all of the details that they generated during the research and exploration stages. Their diagrams might be accompanied by labels that list materials, colours, size and other details. 8Designers will usually come up with more than one option for the design solution to ensure that the most creative and innovative solution possible is found, rather than just the first and most obvious idea. 9The best design option is selected by evaluating each idea against the original brief, the criteria for success and any constraints. 10Evaluation is an important part of the technology process as it helps the designer to make decisions about the design and the development of the solution. Evaluation also helps the designer to judge the success of the final result. 11Food designers may evaluate their food product solutions by performing a sensory evaluation with a panel of taste-testers. 1. 2 Factors influencing design Case study: Red Lantern 1The two factors that Mark Jensen of Red Lantern considers important when judging the success of a restaurant are limiting the restaurant’s impact on the environment and using organic and ethically sound produce. 2Some of the produce chosen for the menu at Red Lantern includes organic vegetables and herbs, line-caught fish, organic and free-range poultry, free-range pork. 3According to Mark, some benefits of using organic and free-range products include that they are free from pesticides and taste better. 4Pesticides used in farming contaminate the soil and the water table and are therefore harmful to the environment. 5Net fishing is a problem for marine ecology because of the amount of bycatch. Bycatch is a term given to the tonnes of marine animals caught in nets and killed every year. The bycatch is then discarded into the ocean because they are perceived to have no economic value. 6Energy use is being reduced at Red Lantern by using sustainable technologies such as energy-efficient equipment and light globes. Water consumption is reduced by replacing common wok stations that rely on a constant flow of water with a new type of wok system which stops water from being lost down the drain. 7Waste is managed at Red Lantern by using specially marked glass, plastic, cardboard and paper recycling bins. Vegetable waste is placed in compost bins. Let’s remember. 1The factors that may influence the development and production of a solution to a brief include: function, aesthetics, human form, scale, ergonomics, ethics, environmental issues, legislation, cost, sociocultural sensitivity, resource availability, physical and material properties and safety. 2Ergonomics relates to the human form. An ergonomic solution must be comfortable and safe to use without causing strain or injury to the user. 3The word sustainable means renewable or maintainable. A sustainable resource can be maintained at a certain level without causing damage to the environment. 4Organic foods are grown without the use of chemical fertilisers or pesticides. 1. 3 Innovation and emerging technologies Case study: Molecular gastronomy 1Molecular gastronomy is a term used to describe the application of science and technology to cooking. 2Some methods used to change ingredients into new foods are: drying, liquefying, gassing and freezing. 3Chefs of molecular gastronomy are successful in creating new food combinations and textures by first understanding the chemistry of food and flavour. 4Answers will vary. Let’s remember 1Some advantages of having an Internet refrigerator are: keeping track of what is stored in it, recording how long food has been in the fridge, having a built in video camera to leave video memos, being able to watch television or listen to online music while cooking. 2Reasons for putting a computer in a refrigerator may include: the kitchen is the source of action in many homes and is therefore a logical place for a computer; the refrigerator is always plugged in and switched on so it makes sense to include a computer. 3Nanotechnology is a new or emerging technology that refers to substances at the atomic and molecular level (that is, very, very small things). 4Nanotechnology will make the following possible: aIncrease the nutritional claims of particular foods by fortifying foods with hidden nutrients and vitamins. bIncrease the shelf-life of food by creating an invisible, edible, nano-wrapper that will cover foods, preventing gas and moisture exchange. cReduce allergic reactions in individuals by blocking the ingredient that causes the allergy. dReduce diet related diseases by programming smart packaging to release extra nutrients to people with deficiencies. eReduce food spoilage by allowing the development of special ‘smart packaging’ that releases nano-anti-microbes when it detects food spoilage. 1. 4 Design this! Case study: Urban Graze Cooking School 1Tarrah Laidman and Joel Owen started Urban Graze cooking school in August 2006. 2Students experience a range of high-quality food experiences in a fun and relaxed environment during an Urban Graze cooking lesson. Students are taught with a hands-on approach and work towards making dishes for the end-of-class group meal, which is eaten together at the dining table. 3Ingredients are selected for a class by considering what is in season and what is available. Local produce is used where possible and Tarrah and Joel try to include new food trends in their ingredient selection. 4At Urban Graze, each class begins with a brief occupational health and safety talk and an orientation of the equipment and facilities. A description of the class is given with an overview of each recipe. Demonstrations are given to the whole class as well as individual attention. At the completion of the class, food is shared around the dining table. 5Tarrah and Joel try to always use locally sourced ingredients and equipment. They grow some of their own vegetables and herbs. Case study: Veronica Cuskelly – recipe designer 1Veronica Cuskelly had had many roles: home economist, food consultant, recipe developer and cookbook author. 2The team creating a recipe may include a client, recipe developer, nutritionist, food stylist and photographer. 3A team approach refers to working together and sharing ideas. It requires clear and positive communication. It is important so that the recipe developer has a good understanding of the various elements of the brief. 4The essential elements included in a brief to create a new recipe may include: target market, specific produce to be used, maximum or minimum number of ingredients, steps or utensils to be used, preparation time allowed, cooking times, cost per serve, style in which the recipe is to be written and dietary requirements. 5The reason for establishing clear and positive communication between the client and the recipe developer is to ensure that all essential information is given and any difficulties or problems that may arise can be resolved easily. 6At the beginning of a project, the type of pre-work that Veronica undertakes may include research and information gathering, tasting food samples, looking at other similar recipes, speaking with a nutritionist and looking at current dietary guidelines. 7Recipe progress is checked and evaluated in different ways: submitting concepts to the client for approval; developing the approved recipe; testing three times; taste-testing sessions; modification as necessary and writing up the final, approved recipe. 8The essential components of a recipe that need to be tested and recorded are as follows: ingredients, quantities, steps or methods used, temperatures, equipment, timings. Let’s remember 1The three key areas of study in the Technology course are: built environments, products, information and communications. 2Ideas for a design project come from real-life situations. 3The steps for solving a design project are: a. Design (design situation, design brief, analysis, research, ideas) b. Produce c. Evaluate 4The success of a design project is decided by evaluating it against the design brief and the criteria for success. 5Ways of gathering information to help solve a brief may include: conducting surveys, interviewing relevant people, reading books, magazines or articles on the Internet, conducting focus groups or taste-tests.